大田金業讲故事:利特尔的“逼空”案例
雅各布·利特尔是19世纪华尔街有名的伟大投机者,他是华尔街第一个以“大熊星”的绰号而闻名的人,因为他通常在市场行情下跌的时候进行操作,他喜欢赌股价的下落。不过他最初的名声却不是因为做空而得来的。
他最初的名声来自于对19世纪30年代最热的股票之一——莫里斯运河和银行公司(以下简称莫里斯运河)上涨行情的准确判断。1834年,市场飞速上涨,莫里斯运河是这次牛市的龙头股,但利特尔已经知道华尔街的许多大玩家已经卖空了这只股票,正在等待它的下跌。
利特尔看到了机会。在那个时候,卖空者承诺在将来一个特定的时间以特定的价格支付股票,如果股价在卖出日和交付日之间下跌的话,卖空者可以在交付日从市场低价买入,进行交割而获得价差。
但是如果股价上升的话,做空者将遭受损失。更糟糕的是,至少在理论上,股价是可以无限上涨的,因此对一个做空者来说,潜在的损失是无限的。华尔街有条古老而神圣的规则,正如下面这首著名的打油诗所说的那样:
卖出去没有的,
就必须买回来,
否则就要蹲监狱。
利特尔组织了一个投机者集团悄悄地购买莫里斯运河的股票。当那些卖空者为了支付股票而到市场上购买莫里斯运河的股票时,他们发现了一件可怕的事情——利特尔和他的朋友们已经买断了这只股票,他们事实上控制了这只股票所有的流通股。利特尔的集团以大约10美元的平均价格买进了这些股票,不用说,他们是绝不会以这个价格将这些股票卖出的。在一个月之内,莫里斯运河的股价飞涨,达到每股185美元,利特尔和他的同伙大发了一笔横财。
一夜之间,利特尔成为了华尔街上最著名的投机者,并且保持这一名声长达20多年之久,尽管这一期间他曾三次破产。但每一次他都努力地从失败中站起来,仿佛一只投机的不死鸟从破产的灰烬中重生。最终,他在1857年的市场崩盘中第四次破产,从而一蹶不振。此后数年,他仍然混迹于华尔街直到去世,但他只能零星交易一些小额股票,他的辉煌时代一去不返。
本文来源: 大田环球贵金属
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